Computer System

All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + HUMANWARE

·         Hardware = programs:

Software gives “intelligence” to the computer.

·         Human ware =User

Hardware

The physical parts of the computer, which can be seen and touched is known as hardware. It is just the mechanical parts of the Computer. All the devices attached to the Computer system like: Mouse, Monitor, CPU, Motherboard, Hard Disk, are Hardware. It includes all the components used to make the computer. It also includes the cables, connectors and computer peripherals.

Software:

Software, simply are the computer programs, the instructions given to the computer in the form of a program is called Software. Software is the set of programs, which are used for different purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called software.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Computer Software is basically categorized into three types:

1.      System Software

2.      Application Software

3.      Programming Language & Scripting

1.      System software:

The software that control and direct the operation of the computer hardware is called system software is the collection of the programs written for computer, which allows the user to work on different program.

The system software consists of Operating system and utility software.

a)      Operating system software:

An operating system is a set of programs that controls and supervises a computer system and provides services to computer users. Operating system software controls overall activities of the computer. It acts as an interface between a user, program and the hardware. DOS, UNIX, XENIX, Windows are the examples of operating system.

b)     Utility software:

The software, which help the users to manage fi8les & folders, checking viruses, keeping PC healthy and system setting is called Utility Software. These are also the software tools which help to users while preparing programs. PC TOOLS, Scandisk, Disk Defragmenter, Norton Antivirus, Language Processors (Assembler, Compiler…..)are the examples of utility Software.

Language processors:

            The programs that translate the program written in high level and low level language to machine codes are called language processors.

Assembler:      It translates the programs written in low level language (assembly) to machine code.

Compliers:      It translates the programs written in high level language to machine codes. The complier translates the whole programs at a time that makes the execution faster.

Interpreter:    it also translates the program written in high level language to machine codes. Unlike compiler, it translates a single statement of a program at a time. Due to this it is easier to locate errors and debugging becomes easier.

2.      Application software:

The software used for special purpose (specific task) written in a specific language is known as Application Software. It also may be defined as software that acts as interface between the user and the system software to allow the user to perform specific tasks. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program. Basically, there are two types of Application Software:

a)      Package Software

This software is the set of the pre-written programs by another person or group and made available to computer users. Many kinds of related works can be performed by using any required software. Ms. Word, Ms. Ms. Access, Adobe PageMaker, AutoCAD are the examples of Package Software.

b)      Tailored or Custom Software

The tailored software are  used to perform the specific tasks only like Accounting, Super Market Billing, Mark sheet Preparation, Inventory Control etc .They are developed on demand of the clients, GMACC, Point of Sale, MEDI-PRO, TALLY etc. are the example of Tailored Software.

3.      Computer Programming Language & Scripting:

A language is a set of codes, which are used to write the programs. There are basically tow levels of programming languages. These are:

a)      Low Level Language:

i)        Machine Level language:

This is computer. Language. Computer understands information composed of only zero (0s) and ones (1s) and hence it uses binary digits for its operation. Programs, written in machine language only understood by the computer. The programming in this language is highly complicated. So, only software experts and only one personnel related to inner system can program in this language. These program codes or statements can be loaded directly into the computer’s memory. Today, programs are written in special programming language, but these programs must still a translated into the machine language before the program can be executed.

Assembly language:

      The writing a programs in machine language is very difficult, tiresome and boring job for a programmer. To solve this problem and facilitate programmer, easily understandable languages have been developed. Assembly language is one of them. Programs can easily be written in alphanumeric symbols instead of Os and 1s. Meaningful and easily rememberable symbols are selected for this purpose. For example, ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, CMP for comparison etc. such symbols are known as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics is called assembly language program. The    writing of programs in assembly language is easier and faster as compared to the writing of programs in   a machine language. However, programming in this language must be translated into machine language before the program can be executed. An assembler is a program, which converts these languages in to the machine code. So it is also sometimes called assembly language

b)     High level language :

These types of language are written in English language with set of rules, called syntax. Thus, it is easier to program then the other languages. These are easy to write, read and understand. Mistakes can be easily found and corrected in this language. Programs in this language also must be translated into machine language before the program can be executed. A compiler is a program, which translates into binary digits (I. e. machine language). COBOL) (Common Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula TRAnslation), BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), C, C++ etc. are the examples of High Level Language. The advantages of high-language are:

i.                    They are easier to learn as compared to assembly languages.

ii.                  They make programs easier and faster to write

iii.                Provide better documentation.

iv.                 The programmers are portable, i.e. they will run on any co9mpyter, which has a similar compiler.

BASIC:  It is a group of similar high-level programming languages whose name is derived from the words Beginners All purpose Symbolic instruction Code. BASIC was developed in the mid 1960s. It is a simple programming language, is easy to learn. It allows easy modification of programs.

FORTRAN:  It is the short form of FORmula TRANsiation. It is the first high-level computer language developed over the period 1954 to 58. It is especially used in the field of science and engineering. FORTRAN is a structured language.

C: C is a  general-purpose high-level programming language. It was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie in 1970’s. It is used to write any kinds of       operating system and application software.

C++: The C++ is a superset of C language. It is an object oriented programming Linage. It is an advance form of c and used to write various programs.

Visual Basic: Visual Basic is a very powerful program developing tools (not a pure programming language) that is especially used to design windows based programs. It was developed by Microsoft. Corporation, USA.

There are lots of other programming languages like java, c#, SQL etc. used in specific purposes.

Human ware/Live ware:

            Person, who operates (handles) computer and its periphery, is known as Human ware. It is also sometimes called user /Operator. A Computer is a totally user dependent device. It does not have its own brain, so it cannot work itself. So, a set of sequenced instructions is the soul and the user is the heart of the computer system.

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Computer science

Computer science is the study of the operating principal of computers, computer programming languages and algorithms for solving theoretical as well as practical problems. It involves the development and use of devices for processing information. It also deals with advantages and disadvantages of computer, it features, application field and its impact on the society. Information in one from is presented to the device (input information) and information in other from is acquired from it (output information).this process conversion of raw material in to the refined from is nothing but the data processing. Data processing may be defined as the process of transforming data (raw material of information) into useful information by the computer.

What is computer?

The term ‘computer ‘is derived from the Latin word’computare’, this means to calculate.

Computer is an advanced electronic device which takes raw as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output).it also saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

In other words, computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high speed logical and mathematical operations. The working principal of computer can be summarized as input, process and output cycle.

USES OF COMPUTER

Computer, one of the most powerful machine today, is being used everywhere, let’s discuss the uses of computer on various sectors of our society.

Business and industry:

The uses of computers in business/offices improve their working efficiency. Record keeping becomes very easy. Information can be searched immediately. The use of computers in industries has improved their efficiency. The cost of production goes down. The quality of products is improved. Unpleasant and hazardous work can be performed by using robots. Working hours of laborers are reduced; they get more leisure.

Health Care:

                Computers are also being used for planning and control purposes by health-care professionals. Computer equipment is used to monitor pulse rate, blood pressure and other vital signs. This leads to correct and fast diagnosis. Medical researchers are using computers as a tool in their search for cures of deadly diseases like Cancer and AIDS.

Education:

                Computers are plying an important role in education. One can get lessons on certain topics, special lectures prepared by experts etc on the screen as many times as he wants until he understands the topic. Computers are working as teachers or helping teachers in educational institutions.

Communication:

                Computers are capable of manipulating and transmitting texts at very fast rate. Sitting at home, anybody may do office work, bank transactions, marketing, purchase of shares, reservation of place and bus tickets and so on. Officers and managers can contract any branch office anywhere in the world through the computer network. Text, voice, data and picture can easily be transmitted nowadays using modern communication systems, which heavily depend upon computers. Information is transmitted over long distances through satellites.

Humanities:

In recent years, computers have become popular among people having interests in history, literature, music, graphics, arts and other branches of humanities.

Science and Technology:

Thousands of scientific applications are processed daily, on the computers. One of the most important daily activities is weather forecasting, which involves solution of mathematical equations using worldwide data about air pressure, temperature, humidity and other values.

Recreation and Entertainment:

Our entertainment and pleasure-time have also been affected by computerization. For example:

i)                    In movies, computer generated graphics give freedom to designers so that special effects and even imaginary characters can play a part in making movies, videos, and commercials.

ii)                   In sports, computers compile statistics, sell tickets, create training programs and diets for athletes, and suggest game plan strategies based on the competitor’s past performance.

iii)                 In restaurants, almost everyone has eaten food where the clerk enters and order by indicating choices on a rather unusual looking cash register; the device directly enters the actual data into a computer, and calculates the cost and then prints a receipt.

Government:

Various departments of the government use computer for their planning, control and law enforcement activities, to name a few – Traffic, Tourism, Information & Broadcasting Education, Aviation and many others.

IPO Cycle

Input (Data):

            Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Digital/Web Camera, Joystick etc. are some of the input devices.

Process:

            Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main Processing Device.

Output:

            Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Monitor (Screen) and Printer are the major Output Devices.